Reflective cycle after watching video of Miss Colo Essays - Health

Reflective cycle after watching video of Miss Colorado speaking about the role of the Nurse. Introduction It is very important that we develop a reflective style in nursing to improve our nursing practice. For the reflective process I will be using the Gibbs reflective process which is a six stage process of description, feelings/thoughts, evaluation, analys is, conclusion and action plan CITATION GGi88 \l 3081 (Briggs, 2012) . There are a large number of models to choose from, the Gibbs method allows for a clear description of situation, an expression of how you felt about the situation and an analysis and plan to make sense of the situation CITATION Jay12 \l 3081 (Jayatilleke Mackie, 2012) CITATION Som04 \l 3081 (Sommerville Keeling, 2004) . Reflection is a skill which helps us develop as nurses and make us improve our practices in nursing and utilize the knowledge that we have gained in class, and begin to perfect it in practice. Description: The YouTube video has Miss Colorado describing her role as a nurse and discussing that "one patient that reminds them of why they became a nurse in the first place". Her story is of Joe who was an Alzheimer's patient and is so touched by her care that he says to her she has changed his life and she is more than just a nurse. Miss Colorado reflects on this conversation and realizes she is more than just a nurse, she is a comforter and a life saver, not just a number. Ms. Colorado somewhat downplays her role when compared to other health professionals and makes it seem small in proportion to other health care professionals and to the role of doctors. When Joe says to her can you change the medication for me , and can change the treatment status for me she said I am just the Nurse , I am not your doctor. This is an odd description of the situation given that she walks on to the stage with a stethoscope, implying some role in the monitoring and reporting of the health status and treatment effectiveness of the current health intervention. Her discussion concerns the actions of a good nurse, and in particular that of "patient centered care" which has been identified by the Institute of Medicines, quality chasm' report as one of the six key elements of the New Health Care System CITATION Eps11 \l 3081 (Epstein Street, 2011) . The role of the nurse is a critical element in the process of patient centered care and their role is equal to all other members of a multidisciplinary health team despite the difficulties and skepticism that many nurses have for multidisciplinary team work CITATION Atw06 \l 3081 (Ke, et al., 2013) . Feelings I felt that the speech was very emotive and true and also she managed to get a very positive response from the audience. I was drawn in by her story of Joe as it reminded me of the very human element of our jobs, and many of the patients and families that I have come into contact with . She mentions her impact on Joe but of course does not go into much detail as to the role of modern nurses. She was trying to be empathetic to the patient in the video which I feel is very important however much of the description does not match my personal experience of the nursing profession, and possibly does not give a real insight into modern nursing and the core role of nurses and their everyday experience. I felt the video gives a romantic view of what being a nurse is like and so lacks some realism. Good Feelings: At a patient care level, she demonstrates a lot of good qualities in terms of how she deals with Joe in that she is aware of the effect of his treatment on the people around him like his family and how this impacts on them which I feel is a very important trait for nurses and secondly, even though she has not mentioned about the role of every day nursing other than just holding Joes hand when he has night terrors, which is lacking in

Israel and Palestinian Conflict

Israel and Palestinian Conflict Introduction The unending clash between Israel and the Palestinians has caught many people who live in the region unaware. Although very easy to understand, the conflict, which has existed for decades now, is deeply complex. Emanating from this conflict is what each side believes: the Israelis believe that the creator of the universe entitled them to a land called Israel.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Israel and Palestinian Conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, the Palestinians believe that their creator also entitled them to a land called Palestine. Regrettably, both the Palestinians and Israelis are demanding one thing, that is, land in Middle East, which it group refer differently. Each of these two groups have drawn a strong line of believe, that is, the religious Jewish Israelis and religious Muslim Palestinians associate these land as God given. The Israelis believed that God ( Jehovah) gave them this land and therefore, they should guard it jealously. Similarly, the Palestinians believe that their God (Allah) provided them with Palestine, and by giving it away, it would not only be a sin, but also, an insult to Allah. The Israel and Palestinian conflict is much more complex than this effortless rationalization. Most importantly is the fact that religious and historical disparities play an imperative role in establishing this conflict. For sixty years now, the world has witnessed the fight between Palestinians and Israelis, and every confrontation, each death, and every activity of terrorism, only expands the abhorrence and the disinclination to reach a compromised solution. The paper takes a closer look on the conflict and how manipulation of religion can cause insecurity and hamper peace (Isseroff, p.1). Antique History of Israel, Palestine and their Religious Inclinations Historically, the Jews comprises of two groups: ancient Jews and the modern Jews. The ancient Jews (Hebrews) referred to their land as Israel, Judea, Samaria and Canaan just the way it appears in the Bible. Thus, to them, the ancient times were the days of the Bible. Although not all modern Jews are Christians, they also believe that God gave them a land called Israel under the leadership of Abraham, Moses, Davis and many other leaders. Over 2000 years ago, the Roman Empire captured Israel and took over supremacy. Its main aim was to control the Jews and govern them.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to suppress the growing Jewish rebellions, the Romans went ahead to obliterate the Jewish temple situated in Jerusalem where hundred of Jews lost their lives. Life became difficult under the Roman Empire rule forcing some Jews to free their ancestral land in an exodus called â€Å"The Diaspora.† Nevertheless, some Jews rem ained behind. Those who freed never came back until the end of the Second World War and the Holocaust. Several foreign empires invaded the ancient Jewish kingdoms and claimed supremacy over it. In fact, in 135 CE, the Roman Empire trounced the third revolt and eventually debarred all Jews occupying Jerusalem and its environs, by selling majority of them into slavery. The Roman Empire then renamed the roman province as Palestine. Following the successive subjugation of Palestine in the seventh century, the few residual denizens incorporated themselves into the Arab culture and Muslim religion in order to preserve their identity. Nevertheless, the Arab culture and Muslim religion did not usurp the whole population, as there were some Christian and Jewish minorities living in Palestine, particularly in Jerusalem. It is important to note that the Crusaders subjugated and took control of Palestine in two brief periods where they debarred the inhabitants of Jerusalem, Jews and Muslims int o The Diaspora and some into slavery. The crusaders did not conquer Palestine fro the third time and for a long time, the Arab empires took control until 1516 when Palestine became part of the Ottoman Empire. The Israel and Palestinian conflict is mainly a misunderstanding between the Jews referring to themselves as â€Å"Israelis† due to their background, and the Arab population of Palestine, popularly â€Å"Palestinians† following the remaining by the Roman Empire. It is imperative to note that after the subjugation of Palestine by the Roman Empire, the killing and expulsion of the Jews, the Arab-speaking Muslims increased in numbers to form a dominant ethnic cluster (Lesch and Tschirgi, pp. 45-49). The Ascend of Zionism and its Effects Towards the end of the 19th century, a small group of Jews formed a religious-nationalist and political movement to champion their rights. In particular, they had a mandate of restoring the land of Israel, which for a long time, they considered their home. Thus, Zionism started as a political movement to recapture the lost land. Immediately after the formation of Zionism, the Jews who had gone to â€Å"The Diaspora†, that is, Eastern Europe including Yemen, started drifting back to Palestine to champion the acquisition of their national land. Many Jews believed that Zionism was the solitary avenues that will enable them achieve national independence, and it was perhaps the only solution to anti-Semitism following the centuries of harassment and repression of the Jews who had freed to foreign territories.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Israel and Palestinian Conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a move aimed at strengthening this nationalist and political movement, the group held its first Zionist congress in 1897 in Basel under the leadership of a Theodor Herzl (a writer and journalist from Austria). In his earlier book, The Jewish State, Theodor Herzl tinted a vision of an independent Jewish state where the Jews would be luminosity for the rest of the nations. A good number of orthodox Jews held the view that only the Messiah could show them the way into â€Å"promised land†. However, the unending pogroms such as the first and second world wars and the Holocaust became an impediment hence, making many reluctant to make up their minds on whether to stay in the Diaspora or go back. Perhaps this is the reason why there exist some anti-Zionist conventional Jews for example, Naturei Karteh and Satmer even by today (Howard, pp. 2-8, 455). The British Autonomy on Palestine The First World War saw Great Britain incarcerate some a fraction of Middle East as well as Palestine from the ruling Ottoman Empire. In order to strengthen the rising Zionism, the British pledged support to Zionists of establishing a Jewish State. In 1917, the Balfour Declaration mandated the Jews to occupy a section of Palestin e especially at Transjordan. On realizing this, the Arab inhabitants resorted to violent insurrections to both the Jews and the British rule with an aim of protecting their land. The Great Revolt of 1936-1939 saw incidences of radicalism initiated by Mufti of Jerusalem take the lives of many Jews and other Palestinian Arabs who dared to compete with him. The Zionists had also their own defense mechanism to counter these insurgent groups. They too carried retaliatory attacks on Arabs during this period. The British rule tried diplomatic skills to quell the violence by suggesting division of Palestine. However, the Arabs rejected this proposal vehemently forcing the British to halter the Jewish immigration strategy in 1937. This angered Zionists who ten started accusing British of collusion. Notwithstanding the pressure form United States, the British rule in Palestine declined to allow further Jewish immigration, and on a catastrophic note, the British arrested illegal immigrants (Je ws) and either sent them back or detained them in Cyprus. This policy continued to attract more opposition and violent attacks until it became indefensible for the British. The British referred the mater to United Nations for further deliberation. United Nations resolved to partition Palestine a move that the Palestinians and Arabs rejected quickly although acknowledged by the Jews. The move by United Nations appeared complex of course with the internalization of Bethlehem and Jerusalem in addition to seven parts.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, â€Å"a partition plan for Palestine†, proposed the separation of Jews cohabiting in Jerusalem from other Jews through a large Arab corridor. Through these partitions, the Jewish state was to occupy 56 percent of the Palestine territory and the Arabs to occupy the rest. Nevertheless, following mutual antagonism between the two groups, the plan failed to work (Isseroff, p.1). Establishment of the State of Israel The meditation of religion continued to affect the region negatively.After the plan failed to work, conflict escalated even more. The Palestinian Arabs became so violent, attacked the Jewish convoys, and restricted them from entering Jerusalem. On realizing this, the Zionist also retaliated back and demolished numerous villages belonging to Palestinians. Contrary to the expectations of the Arabs, Israel became an independent state in 1948; something that sparkled further retaliatory attacks from neighboring Arab countries towards Israel. However, the Zioni sts had an established Israel Defense Force that fought these enemies and finally won the War of Independence. Nevertheless, the conflict did not end and it forced the two groups to enter into another agreement, armistice agreement, in 1949. Israeli took control of the environs of Jordan River and Mediterranean Sea; Jordan administered West Bank and East Jerusalem, and Egypt took care of Gaza Strip. On the contrary, the neighboring Arab countries refused to absorb the whole population of Arab refugees permanently. Instead, they demanded that they return to Israel, as this was their rightful home. Today, there are over a million Palestinians living in refugee camps under deplorable and despondent conditions simply because Israel cannot allow an influx of Palestinians into Israel, as this would lead to Arab majority. Notably, Israel blames the neighboring Arab countries of the Palestinian refugees citing that they should absorb them into their countries permanently. Ironically, some P alestinian groups such as Fatah do confess that yielding to the Palestinian ‘right to return’ would signify the vanishing of Israel as a Jewish state. In most cases, this has been the fundamental cause of Israel and Palestinian conflict (Radley, pp. 586-614). Arab Rejectionism and the Six-Day War The Arab-Israel conflict continued even as the neighboring Arab countries refused to recognize Israel as a state. Some of them organized terrorist attacks on Israel for example, the 1959 Yasser Arafat led attack and Egypt’s 1964 PLO attack. In 1967, Israel attacked Palestinian regions including West Bank, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem and made one million Palestinians under Israel rule. Nevertheless, division broke among Israelis on the aftermath West Bank and the novel religious-nationalistic association that threatened their interests. Since 1967, the focus of Palestinian confrontation has been on the liberation of these two regions. Nevertheless, dividing Jerusalem an d its environs to Israel and Palestine remains a predicament as Israelis believe that this is a holy place that in inseparable (Oren, pp. 8-47). Palestinian State and the Peace Process It is quite clear that meditation of a certain religion is very dangerous to the county’s security. The conflict between Israel and Palestine is mainly the difference of religious fundamental ideologies between Jews (who observe Christianity) and the Arabs who are mainly Muslims. When United Nations declared Zionism as an act of racism, it lost the ground of arbitration. The two groups are reluctant to lower their stances on the land issue and give peace a chance to prevail. The world has witnessed unprecedented violence over the legitimacy of Israel and uprising in Middle East for decades now. The Oslo peace agreement of 1994 has not yielded peace in the religion and extremist attacks continue to hammer the region. Even after the Oslo agreement, Israel continues to establish Jewish settlement schemes in West Bank and Gaza Strip contrary to the agreement. This has not only hampered the peace process but also instituted further attacks where hundreds of Jews and Palestinians die on each attack. The Palestinians have resorted to a terror network of extremism comprising of Hamas, al Qaeda and others carrying out suicide attacks in regions dominated by Israelis. Although President Clinton presented a proposal to establish a Palestinian state comprising of Gaza Strip and West Bank, the Israeli continue to hold their religious fundamentalism hence, rejecting this proposal. In the recent, Israel has dismissed Palestinian workers leading to an increase in poverty levels. Additionally, due to this ongoing religious bigotry between Palestine and Israel, there is restricted freedom of movement for fear of attacks (Great Transition Initiative, pp. 3-5). Conclusion The Israel and Palestinian conflict lies in the fact that each of the two nationalistic movements, Palestinians and Israe lis, allege to own a similar land. Principally, the religious fundamentalism regarding this land is the main cause of this conflict. In addition, the two groups do not trust each other and each has its own demonization and presumptions on the other. To Israelis, many Arab sates are not only undemocratic, but also weak economically, culturally and socially. They also rebrand them as aggressive and terroristic. On the other hand, the Arabs believe that Israelis are vanquishers and majestic aggressors, who for eternity aspire to manage the entire Middle East. Even as Israel rejects teachings of Muslim in its schools, the Arabs also promote anti-Semitic typecasts and conspiracy theories aimed at underpinning Zionism. Great Transition Initiative. The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Overcoming the Impasse. 2009. Web. greattransition.org/archives/perspectives/Perspective_Israel_Palestine.pdf Howard, Sachar. A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1976. Print. Isseroff, Ami. Israel, Palestine and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Mideast Web. 2010. Web.   mideastweb.org/briefhistory.htm Lesch, Ann, Tschirgi, Dan. Origins and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. West Port, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 1998. Print. Oren, Michael. Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Presidio Press. 2003. Print. Radley, Rene. The Palestinian Refugees: The Right to Return in International Law. The American Journal of International Law, 72(3), 1978, 586-614.

Customer Service- Project- Sandford Health of North Dakota Assignment

Customer Service- Project- Sandford Health of North Dakota - Assignment Example its patient’s sufficient expert medical care as it is currently one of the health care institutions with a leading edge in technologies and up to date facilities of the excellent status. With its headquarter on a 500-bed Sanford USD Medical Center in Sioux falls, South Dakota  (Sanford Health, n.d), the institution also operates a number of health care facilities across the United States of America, including two dozen hospitals and other clinics, more than 130 in number with their locations in North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. Sanford Health has over the years excelled in its approach to the provision of health care services to its customers through the enhancement of its clinical care, research approaches, which work towards the establishment of new and  more  innovative approaches  for the  treatment and cure of the common diseases affecting members of the communities and the world at large. The hospital currently offers pediatric intensive care services, level-two trauma center, air transport services, women and children’s orthopedics, cancer and heart centers. Ideally, with services, Sanford Health remains the busiest health care facility in North Dakota, where it also offers individual insurance to the patients from the community (Sanford Health, n.d). For the provision of high quality  service to customers, every organization must have an outstanding management system that would works to bridge the gap between quality service and the patients. Sanford Health has put in place a very organized management that works to spearhead the day today running of the institution. The management has also developed a strong and established customer service department, which ensures that all the clients are served diligently. Such an aspect is of significant importance as it plays an integral role in connecting the organization to the esteemed diverse clientele. To achieve the highest  working  standards in the customer service

Your book identifies five factors that contribute to the growth of Essay

Your book identifies five factors that contribute to the growth of tourism. Discuss these trends and how they have become more relevant or less relevant in our current world situation - Essay Example Since the dual income family trend is increasing, the demand for tourism destinations is also increasing. The latter will increase the supply of tourism in the next few decades, which is good for the tourism industry. Unlike a few decades ago, travel has become more dynamic. Travel options for the disabled, the elderly and the able bodied has been increasingly receiving attention. As welfare associations pressure, air companies support disabled travelling amenities and they provide traveling options for the elderly. Improving travelling conditions is important to the tourism industry since the market range increases exponentially (Silva & Howard, 2006). Tourism industries nowadays accommodate all people interested in visiting different sites due to good travel amenities. It involves commissioning a company to cater for all the tour needs of related tourists. The company picks the site, caters for accommodation and organizes the activities. All the latter activities are done at a lower price, and they attract more tourists (Silva & Howard, 2006). Package tours help save money hence their relevance in the current world and economy is evident. Most people relate to the internet due to evolution of technology. It is easier to pick tourism sites and book the means of travel out of the comfort of one’s home. Eliminating the stress associated with queuing and doing things manually in a digital world makes the internet a relevant aspect in the current world (Silva & Howard, 2006). It is an aspect that almost everybody can associate with and maneuver, hence it will be relevant for a long time to

Did the Treaty of Versailles make World War II inevitable Essay

Did the Treaty of Versailles make World War II inevitable - Essay Example Evidently, such thing could hardly have happened unless the system was initially flawed, and precisely those flaws might be amongst the key reasons for the outbreak of World War II. More than sixty years since the end of World War II, the causes of the overwhelming military event continue to produce intensive discussions among scholars. The debate revolves around such issues as the nature of German policy in the 1930s, the role of the Soviets in the outbreak of the war, the date which can actually be considered the beginning of the Second World War, a policy of appeasement conducted by the UK and France towards Germany, which allowed the latter to fully recover and accumulate power, competition for resources between the European powers, etc. However, neither of these causes and preconditions that undoubtedly played a role in setting up the scene for World War II can be properly understood without analysis of the system that shaped political life in Europe during the two pre-war decades. The Versailles System was the structure of peace in Europe established during the Peace Conference of 1919: the system took its name from the main treaty signed during the conference, the Treaty of Versailles (Henig 1995). The Versailles System replaced the Bismarckian Alliance system to govern Europe until World War II. Despite being commonly addressed as the system of European peace, the Versailles System apparently failed to fulfil its noble mission: the story of the causes of World War II is largely the story of this political system's failure. Discussion One of the first attempts to analyze the pre-war developments in Europe from a non-traditional stance was made in 1961 by A. J. Taylor. The author's main argument was that Hitler's aggressive international policies during the 1930's owed a debt to the political situation in Europe as well as the policies conducted by other European powers within the framework of the Versailles System. In Taylor's opinion, Hitler was not actually driven by the Nazi ideology of expansionism but performed as a typical German statesman who cared about strengthening the country and reestablishing it as the leading European power (Taylor 1996). Such controversial point of view produced a wave of sharp criticism with Taylor being accused of trying to whitewash the Nazi leader. However, the reality was that no solid arguments could be found to dismiss Taylor's point of view that the Versailles System might be one of the major root causes of World War II. The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 - 1920 brought together the most influential people in the world whom determined the political situation not only in Europe but across the globe at that time. The Prime Minister of Great Britain, the President of the United States, the Prime Ministers of France, Italy, Australia and Canada, the Queen of Romania, and many other national leaders spent almost six months debating the outcomes of World War I as well as economic and political implications of that conflict for each country involved. The overall outcomes of the Conference have been usually labelled as failure because the treaties signed during the Paris

Effect of Climate Change on Agricultural Activities

Effect of Climate Change on Agricultural Activities Chapter 1: Introduction Global Climate Change Climate is changing with the slow and steady pattern. The term Global Warming is referred to the annual average temperature increment of the earth. The average annual temperature of the earth has increased to 0.8  °C since the early 20th century and more than 66 percent of this increment happened after 1980. In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with the anthropogenic global warming. In many scientific journals, the term global warming refers to surface temperature increase while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas levels will affect. Americas Climate Choices. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 2011. p.15.  ISBN978-0-309-14585-5. The average temperature of the Earths surface increased by about1.4 °F(0.8 °C) over the past 100 years, with about1.0 °F(0.6 °C) of this warming occurring over just the past three decades. Climate Change is a natural phenomenon may change the average weather conditions of any area because of some reasons. These reasons are biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. It is also observed that humans are also contributing to the climate change by their activities and these activities can cause significant change to the Climate, this phenomenon is called Global Warming. Change in the annual temperature, rainfall, and wind patterns of an area can cause significant impacts to the plant productivity of any area positively or negatively. Global warming can be a problem for coastal areas where it can cause rise in the sea level and thus may destroy the coastal areas and land. Rise of sea level may also pollute the underground fresh water and people may face water related problems. Climate Change may be beneficial for the lands covered in the ice like Polar Regions through which a large area can be vacated but it may invites some new disasters which would affect the life of humans in other parts of the world. Environment is a very sensitive system, when something new enters in the environment doesn’t accept it easily because it is holding the whole food chain with it and we humans are also very much linked with this food chain and when one link of this chain is disturbed it would directly or indirectly affect the whole chain. Thus it is very important to keep the chain intact and proper protection to this chain should be provided. Rise is temperature changes the whole habitat of an area because when temperature of an area rises the wind patterns of that area change because high temperature would make the air hot in the area and the air would move up and a low pressure area would be formed. To fill this low pressure area the airs from surrounding areas will come which will be cold and sometimes full of moisture and it would result in cloud formation and as a result rainfall would occur. But if this process gains more temperature then it would trigger the whole process and thus the climate of the area would be changing. This research addresses the climate changing in the district Gujrat which is affecting the agricultural activities of the area and vegetation cover is also being affected by the climate change. As we know that our food necessities are directly associated with vegetation cover and if the vegetation is disturbed by the climate change then it is going to affect all the people associated with it. So this research is important in the context that the vegetation is important for us and if there should be proper measures taken to control the impacts of climate change on vegetation. Agriculture Agriculture is the most renowned activity in the under-developing countries, because of unlimited availability of fertile land and less trend towards industrialization and other secondary and tertiary activities. Primary activities are those activities which are related to agriculture (both subsistence and commercial), mining, forestry, farming, grazing, hunting and gathering, fishing, and quarrying. The primary sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth. The primary sector includes the production of raw material and basic foods. The major reason for primary activities in under-developed countries are the less education, less urbanization, less demand for development, and bad economic conditions. Primary activities also prevails in the developed countries but these activities are very less as compared to the secondary and tertiary activities. About 3% of America is engaged in primary activities as compared to under-developed countries where the percentage of p rimary activities is more than 50-60%. (http://geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography/a/sectorseconomy.htm) In developed countries, the primary activities are very less in ratio as compared to other activities plus these countries have proper techniques for saving their agriculture from being destroyed due to change of climate or any other disaster. On the other hand the underdeveloped countries are having very large ratio of agriculture in there economy and other primary activities nor do they have the techniques to save their economic source. This research is mainly concerned with one type of these countries which are underdeveloped and totally relying on the agricultural activities or other primary activities to fulfill their economic needs. That country is Pakistan, Pakistan is one of these countries which is relying on the agricultural activities. Agriculture in Punjab Agricultural of Pakistan is depending upon two kind of water resources; riverine water and rain water. Rivers are providing water through different canals. Rain is not the efficient source of providing water to the agriculture because it is very scarce in Pakistan and only the northern and western regions receive the amount of rainfall necessary for agriculture. The southern regions such as Sindh, South Punjab and Baluchistan don’t receive the rainfall required for agriculture Agriculture through Irrigation There are seven link canals in Pakistan which are substantially important for agriculture in Pakistan these canals are as follow; Chashma Jhelum Link Taunsa Panjnad Link Rasul Qadirabad Link Qadirabad Balloki Link Balloki Sulemanki Link II Trimmu Sidhnai Link Sidhnai – Milsi – Bahawal Link These are the canals which being utilized for irrigation purposes and dependency on rain water does not exist. Agriculture through Rains The second source of agriculture is rain water, playing a substantial role in those areas where there is no river or canal. Rain recharges the ground water in those areas and that water is utilized in the dry season for the agriculture and other uses. In Punjab the high quantity of rainfall is towards the northern areas which are close to the Jammu Kashmir and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The average annual rainfall of Northern Punjab is almost 700mm which is because the North Punjab receives two types of rainfall one is through Monsoons coming from the east from Bay of Bengal and the other is through Western winds coming from the Caspian Sea and Mediterranean Ocean Area of Interest (Gujrat) District Gujrat is the North Eastern District in Punjab where it is bounded with the Azad Kashmir from North East, Mandi Bahauddin from the South western side which was once part of this district but after 1996 it was separated from this district, Jhelum from the North Western side separated by the river Jhelum and Gujranwala and Sialkot from the Southern side separated by the river Chenab. It is between two important rivers of Pakistan Jhelum and Chenab which makes it the most fertile land of Pakistan. According to the Indus pact of 1960 both of these rivers were given to Pakistan that’s why the flow of these rivers remains constant throughout the year unlike other rivers of Pakistan which don’t flow during the winter season. The language Punjabi is being spoken in this part of Pakistan according to the Census of 1998 and 95% of people speak it with following dialects; Majhi or Standard (Majority) Potohari (Few people near jehlum district) Shah puri dialect (Few people speak this dialect) Other than Punjabi there are two more languages being spoken in this area which are Urdu and English. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan the total population of Gujrat district was 2,048,008 of which 1,026,000 are males and 1,022,000 are females, with a population density of 642 persons per square kilometer. Over 25.62% of the population was recorded as being urban. 1998 Census of Pakistan figures Urban Resource Centre The city of Gujrat is divided into two circles, City Circle (Head office Gujrat City) and Sadar Circle (Head office Jalalpur Jattan. The major source of income among the people of the city are agriculture and small industries. As agriculture is the major source of income among the people of city Gujrat then it is very important to stay safe from any kind of disaster which can damage agricultural prospect of the city suburbs. Chenab is a major river flowing between India and Pakistan, originates from the upper Himalaya where Indian state of Himachal Pradesh exists, reaches Punjab flowing through Jammu and Kashmir. It has many tributaries which are in Pakistan and also In India. According the Indus water treaty the water of river Chenab is allocated to Pakistan. It enters Pakistan forming a boundary between two districts of Punjab which are Sialkot and Gujrat. It provides water to the Pakistan throughout the year, in winter season the water quantity is decreased while in summer season the water coming as a result of monsoon rains causes floods in the southern Punjab. The flood of 2010 in Pakistan had a lot of contribution from this river. Chenab being a large river body is surrounding the city of Gujrat and fulfilling the water needs of the city. As we know that water is an essential element for the agriculture, the agriculture of the city Gujrat is also relying on the water of this river. As river recharges the ground water of this city which is utilized in the season of winter when the crops need more water and rainfall can’t fulfill the needs of the city’s agricultural land. Climate The city of Gujrat is located in temperate zone where the temperature shoots up to 45 ° Centigrade during the summer season while hot spells are short because of proximity of the Azad Kashmir Mountains with the city of Gujrat. In the season of winter the temperature may fall to 2 ° Centigrade. The average rainfall on the Kashmir border is over 1000 mm, at Kharian it is 750 mm, at Gujrat 670 mm, and at Dinga 500 mm. Gujrat city receives the average annual rainfall of 67cm (670mm) according to the data received from Meteorological department. Summer receives the heavy monsoons which are almost 80 percent of the annual rainfall and winter receives the rest of 20 percent rainfall which is as a result of western winds coming from Mediterranean and Caspian seas bringing moisture with them and release while passing through different regions, when western winds reaches Gujrat they turn almost dry that’s why the contribution of western winds to the annual rainfall is small. The monsoon winds are originated from the east near the Bay of Bengal in the summer season when the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) pushes to the North after the 21st March of every year. This change of ITCZ create a lot of low pressures in the regions and it also helps evaporate enough water from the ocean. Forming of different low pressures attract winds from the surrounding areas so these monsoon winds starts moving towards these low pressure areas and this is how they reach Gujrat at the end of month of June and start the rains which are sometimes disastrous for crops because of excessive rainfall or lateness of rainfall commonly known as failing of the monsoon rains. Wavelengths Sun emit radiations which are composed of different wavelengths, some of these wavelengths are very harmful and some of these wavelengths are helpful for us. Harmful wavelengths are having high frequency such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Ultra Violet rays are blocked by our atmosphere and they don’t reach us because of the thick wall of ozone layer. Helpful rays are those which have frequencies and high wavelengths they are not blocked by the atmosphere and they are beneficial for the human because visible portion is also included in this part. Visible Spectrum Visible portion is composed of three important rays having wavelengths from 0.4 to 0.7ÃŽ ¼m and are termed as Blue, Green and Red. These rays are the only wavelengths which a human eye can see while all the other wavelengths can’t be seen by the human eye and the spectrum of wavelength is very large. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (Ndvi) Normalized difference Vegetation Index is often called NDVI, a technique used to determine vegetation cover of any area through satellite data. Sunlight reaches the earth surface and hit different targets, those targets may include all objects placed on the earth surface. These objects have specific reflectance curve (reflectance values as a result of interaction with the sunlight). Vegetation also have a reflectance curve according to which the pigment in plant leaves, chlorophyll, strongly absorbs visible light (from 0.4 to 0.7 ÃŽ ¼m) for use in photosynthesis. The cell structure of the leaves, on the other hand, strongly reflects near infrared light (from 0.7 to 1.1 ÃŽ ¼m). The more leaves a plant has, the more these wavelengths of light are affected, respectively. Vegetation appears very different at visible and near infrared wavelengths. In visible light (top), vegetated areas are very dark, almost black, while desert regions (like the Sahara) are light. At near-infrared wavelengths, the vegetation is brighter and deserts are about the same. By comparing visible and infrared light, scientists measure the relative amount of vegetation. NDVI is calculated from the visible and near-infrared light reflected by vegetation. Healthy vegetation (left) absorbs most of the visible light that hits it, and reflects a large portion of the near-infrared light. Unhealthy or sparse vegetation (right) reflects more visible light and less near infrared light. The numbers on the figure above are representative of actual values, but real vegetation is much more varied. (Illustration by Robert Simmon). Nearly all satellite Vegetation Indices employ this difference formula to quantify the density of plant growth on the Earth — near-infrared radiation minus visible radiation divided by near-infrared radiation plus visible radiation. The result of this formula is called the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Written mathematically, the formula is: NDVI = (NIR — VIS)/ (NIR + VIS) Calculations of NDVI for a given pixel always result in a number that ranges from minus one (-1) to plus one (+1); however, no green leaves gives a value close to zero. A zero means no vegetation and close to +1 (0.8 0.9) indicates the highest possible density of green leaves.

Book Review of Goosebumps Stay Out of the Basement :: essays research papers

I have read a book called Goosebumps Stay Out Of the Basement. It was an intresting book and it was a little confusing because the characters jumped around in the story. Also, when you were reading the story you feel like you missed out on a part and you just have to go along with the story and find things that happen in the past. The author of this book is R. L.Stine. He has written many books in the Goosebumps series and they all hold there scariness in many ways.They are a series of scary and supernatural made up stories.These are some books that he has written:The Abdominal Snowman of Pasadena,Attack of the Mutant,Bad Hare Day,The Barking Ghost,The Cuckcoo clock of Doom,The Curse of the Mummy's tomb,Deep Trouble,Egg Monsters From Mars and many more.The genre of this book is fiction because it has ficticious characters that are not real and are not true including monsters. I chose this book because it looked very intresting and I was very drawn to this book when I saw it. By just looking at the picture on the front cover was very intresting and creepy and I like those things. In the beginning of the story, Margaret and Casey are talking about how there dad a scientist is acting very weird. They notice that he has been down there in the basement with his plants and weird machines for a long time. He had hardly ever come up from the basement to get fresh air. When he did come up he would'nt even want to catch a frisbee. He also did not spend two minutes with either of them when he did come up. They also notice his skin getting a pale green and speaks in very bad manners that the kids have never heard before. Then in the middle of the book they find out some very uncomfortable things about there dad and they feel as if he is not there dads anymore. When the two kids had gone down into the the basement [which there dad had yelled at them and told them not to go down there] they found a whole bunch of weird plants and the air was all mooshy and thick. They kinda noticed that one of the plants were breathing and it was true because when they went near the pla nt you could actually hear it breathing.